Learn basic chemistry for the chemistry Student help in viva and industrial interview...

Learn basic  chemistry for the chemistry Student help in viva and industrial interview... 

1.define organic compound ?

 As the substances, which contain Carbon and Hydrogen with or without some more elements like Nitrogen, Sulphur, Helogen etc. that known as organic compound. 

2. Molarity defination:

Molarity is defined  as the total number of moles of solute per litre of solution. The molality of a solution is dependent on the changes in physical properties of the system such as pressure and temperature as unlike mass, the volume of the system changes with the change in physical conditions of the system. Molarity is represented by M, which is termed as molar. One molar is the molarity of a solution where one gram of solute is dissolved in a litre of solution. As we know, in a solution, the solvent and solute blend to form a solution, hence, the total volume of the solution is taken.

Molarity Formula:

M=n/V

Where

M is the molality of the solution.

n is the number of moles of the solute. 

V is the volume of solution given in terms of litres or 1000ml. 

3.Normality:

Normality could be defined as the number of gram equivalents of a solute present per litre (dm3) of the solution at any given temperature and It is expressed as N.

Normality = Equivalents of solute / liters of solution

4.why lab  used peraphine solution in melting

 point /boiling point test? 

    Lab in used peraphine solution in melting 

 point and Boiling point test because lab in almost all chemical are under the temperature Pheraphine solution that the reason melting point  and boiling point test in used peraphine solution.    

5.Nitration :

Nitration is a general class of chemical process for the introduce of a nitro group into an organic chemical compound.  

Reaction :-

6.How to prepare neutral feCl3 solution? 

Take fecl3 solution and add dill. NH4OH till precipitation of ferric hydroxide just begins filter and filtration is used for the test(i.e neu fecl3 solution).  

7.how to separate organic mixture?

 

8.what is substitution reaction?

atom or group of atom in an organic compound is substituted by different atoms or group of atom in reaction is called substitution reaction.

9.Helogination :

Helogination is defined as the process of introduce one or more halogen atom into in an organic compound.
 GenralReaction:-

R-H +X2 → R-X +H-X

Where

X= F, Cl, Br,I

10.Sulphonation :

Sulphonation is defined as a process in which introduces sulphonic acid group or the corresponding salt or sulphonyl halide group into an organic compound.

H2SO4 is the strong reducing agent.

Sulphonating agents:sulphuric acid,sulphomic acid etc...

Reaction :

11.What is aqua rigia?

Aqua regia is a solution of nitrohydrochloric acid. The traditional solution is comprised of a 3:1 mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.

Uses:-

Glassware may also be washed with aqua regia to remove organic compounds only in trace amounts.

Also used some organic compound dissolve and prepare (O.S) original solution. 

12. How to prepare lassigne solution? 

First take three fusion tube.they fusions tube in take small pieces of sodium metaland after heat sodium metal have red and add substance in small amount after the re-heating and they drop out in 1-2 testube distilled water in Priceline dish. And after they water are heating for 2 minutes and calling filter the solution filtrate is used as lassigne solution. 

test:-

1. For Nitrogen (N) :

Lassigne solution + freshly prepared FeSO4 solution heat to boiling and cool+2drop of FeCl3+dill.HCl→ blue or green colouration (Nitrogen is present) 

2. For Sulphur (S) : 

 Lassigne solution +2-3 drop of sodium nitro prusside→violet colouration (sulphur is present) 

3. For Halogen (X) :-

L. S+2ml dil HNO3 heat &cool +2ml AgNO3→

I) white ppt soluble in NH4OH imidatly (chlorine present) 

ii) pale yellow PPt slowly soluble in  excess NH4OH(Bromine present) 

iii) Bright yellow ppt insoluble in NH4OH(Idoine present). 

13.Detection of group:

i) -COOH group(carboxylic group) :-

0.5 gm sub+1ml ethanol +2 drop con H2SO4→heat&cool add 10ml H2O →sweet smell of ester.

ii) -OH group (phenol) :-

Pthaline test : substance + 0.1 gm of pthalic anhydide + 1-2 drops of H2SO4. Fuse the mass, cool and pour in  2 ml of NaOH solution and dilute with water.

Libermann's test : 0.05 gm substance + crystals of NaNO2; heat, cool, add 0.2 ml dil. H2SO4; shake and dilute with water. different colour with excess of NaOH.

iii) -CHO group (aldehyde) :-

Sub +Tollens reagent (shake&warm)→grey PPT or silver mirror

Note:- 

Tollens reagent is prepared by add NaOH+2ml AgNO3 gives PPT and after add NH4OH solution PPT is dissolved that solution is used as Tollens reagent. 

iv) -CO group (kitane) :-

Substance +dill. NaOH excess + m-dinitro benzene→red or violet PPT. 

V) -COOR group (ester) :-

1.0 ml sub+1-2 ml dill NaOH +1 ml H2O +1 drop phenophthalein→(heat slowly) pink colour disappear 

Vi) Hydrocarbon :-

0.5 gm substance + Any AlCl3 +1 ml chloroform (heat) → observation 

Naphthalene →blue or bluesh green

Anthrecene→green

Vii) -OR (ether) :-

Ether are soluble in syrupy phosphoric acid.

Viii) -OH group (phenol):-

Take sub in dry test tube and add small piece of sodium metal →evolution of H2 gas with decrease volume. 

14.Practical in useful reagent 

Nassler reagent:-

Take a clean test tube in 3-4 drops of HgCl2 solution and add KI dropwise till orange ppts formed resissolves. Add NaOH soln. in slight excess, shake well. This is the reagent.

15.other useful test:-

Molische's test :

0.05 gm of substance  + 1 ml H2O + 2 drops of 10% alcoholic β-Napthol  soln. then add 1 ml conc.H2SO4 through sides of the testtube. Gives red ring changing to violet at the interface of the two liquids.